Cases in Financial Management Essay

Case Synopsis Established in 1984 Laurentian Bakeries Inc. works in the business of assembling a huge assortment of solidified prepared items inside their three working plants in Montreal, Winnipeg and Toronto. The working plants produce things, for example, solidified pizza in Winnipeg, MB, pies in Montreal, QC and Cakes in Toronto, ON-with each speaking to 30%, 30% and 40% of the complete income stream individually. The purchasers for this organization incorporate enormous institutional customers such domino’s pizza, and so on which have an essentially more significant level of intensity while the merchant of the items comprises of a few food makers which have a moderately low degree of intensity. With the expense of setting up a plant of this scale being high, substitute items will likewise stay high in the market making the general net revenue be low. With the company’s progressing exertion for ceaseless improvement Danielle Knowles (VP of activities) proposed to extend one of the working plants in Winnipeg-which depended on the chance if the organization ventured into the U.S. showcase. Proclamation The announcement of the issue is the means by which Danielle Knowles will set up a capital task use proposition to extend the company’s solidified pizza plant in Winnipeg; which is steady and in accordance with the company’s capital assignment strategy. The proposition ought to likewise fulfill the company’s ceaseless exertion for development, ID of lost chances, fulfillment of HR and ecological effects and give adequate ROI. Situational Analysis The qualities of the organization are obviously noticeable through the company’s compelling tasks and respectable picture in the business. Being one of the main five in the business, Laurentian Bakeries has set up themselves as a predominant player in the market; be that as it may, with a lack in limit it canâ potentially overwhelm the qualities because of its negative effect on the organization. This remembers an abatement for deals and expected declines in retailer support. By and by, with the affirmation of a limit lack and a chance to extend and develop in the U.S. advertise the organization is by all accounts on favorable terms. Clearing out to an alternate zone among the opposition, all the items are comparative which demonstrate there is substantial rivalry. The nearness of various providers makes this industry profoundly serious, thus, there is high animosity among contenders. This is a main factor that shows this isn't an alluring business to be in. SWOT ANALYSIS Qualities * Danielle Knowles has involvement with the food business for a long time. This is an incredible advantage for the organization, since she can utilize her insight and encounter and apply it for Laurentian Bakeries so as to improve tasks or even maintain a strategic distance from mistakes. This consequently can conceivably spare the organization from causing extra costs. * Danielle has her Master’s in Business Administration which demonstrates that she is instructed and has the qualifications to keep up her situation as the VP of tasks. Additionally, Danielle can utilize that information and apply it to ordinary activities of the organization. * Laurentian has better than expected thought for human asset and natural effects. This advantages the organization to the degree that it makes an open mindfulness which demonstrates their promise to the network which consequently can conceivably be utilized as an advertising apparatus to pull in more deals. * Laurentian organization is one of the five enormous firms that produce solidified nourishments ruling 21% of the market. This shows they are a predominant player in the market and have endure numerous troubles from different rivalries. * Well settled and productive organization which demonstrates that they have endure one full monetary cycle and have withstood their opposition. * The organization has an enhanced income stream with three working plants situated in significant urban communities which are not as dangerous as a solitary income stream. * All three fragments are productive. * Low cost pizza maker which is assisting with venturing into the US. Market. * Laurentian Bakeries has a coordinated workforce, for example, deals, advertising, and so forth for the entirety of their working plants. Shortcoming * Shortage of limit. On the off chance that this shortcoming isn't managed the organization can confront misfortunes in their business in light of the deficiency. This consequently brings down the general benefit of the organization and can conceivably diminish purchasers on the off chance that they can't fulfill the need because of the deficiency. * Class 1 items are excessively hazardous and by taking such an incredible hazard any wrong doing can negatively affect the organization. Openings * Arrangement to flexibly enormous U.S. based basic food item chain with private mark brand. In the event that the open door is exploited the organization can conceivably observe higher figures in deals and benefits. * Since U.S. pizza utilization is 3x greater than the Canadian portion the general US advertise is greater which can possibly prompt a higher piece of the pie. * Within N.A. the economy is recuperating unassumingly and is relied upon to develop. This demonstrates buyer spending on optional things, for example, food items will stay solid. Dangers * Inflation is determined to stay between 3-5%. This may cause financing costs to rise making the expense of capital increment higher than its present level. Capital activities, for example, extension may endure. * North American development pace of GDP eased back down which may bring down the organization deals. * Threat of new contestants will build rivalry and is consistently a factor that makes the deals forceful. * Health Conscious shoppers will possibly influence deals because of the items offered by Laurentian Bakeries are considered â€Å"unhealthy.† With on-going wellbeing mindfulness the items offered by Laurentian Bakeries probably won't fulfill the changing need of buyers. Porter’s Five Forces Buyer’s Power * Mixed Power. * There are two kinds of purchasers: huge institutional purchasers such asâ domino’s pizza and pizza just as enormous retailers. A huge number of littler customers have less force in light of their present low demographic base. Provider Power * Low Power. * Pizza providers disseminate creation to pizza stores, eateries and staple chain stores. Since there are various providers in the market for fixings, for example, cheddar, flour, vegetables, and so forth they have low force. Boundaries to Entrant * High * Due to high capital costs, talented workforces, natural guidelines, high circulation channels, section into this industry is high. Danger of Substitute * High * The items offered by Laurentian, for example, their Pizza can be made at home or even bought straight from drive-thru eateries. Additionally they can without much of a stretch be fill in for different items, for example, calzone, sandwiches, tacos, and so on. Rivalry * High * There is high rivalry for the things offered by Laurentian Bakers. Rivalry for their pizza heated things can without much of a stretch be subbed through diversified eateries, for example, Pizza, Boston Pizza, Pizza Hut, and so forth additionally rivalry is high through different organizations offering similar merchandise. Likewise, this organization is additionally going up against other food items instead of solidified pizza alone. Budgetary Analysis Budgetary Summary: Laurentian Bakeries is seeing a money increment from $6.2 million of every 1993 to practically twofold its estimation of $13.1 million out of 1995. Simultaneously long haul obligation for the organization has expanded by $7.23 million which showed that Laurentian Bakeries is financed by its drawn out obligation and has not used its money and in this way has acquired extra premium costs. Moving over to the marketing projections, Laurentian Bakeries has seen an expansion of 11% from 1993-95; nonetheless, overall gain is level which demonstrates that their COGS and working costs have likewise risen nearly at a similar pace as deals. This mishap has no bit of leeway to the investors. Options 1. Proceed with unique intends to proceed with development in Winnipeg. 2. Assemble a plant in U.S. to oblige that showcase. 3. Purchase a current plant. 4. Extend the Toronto plant as it is the most grounded plant for the organization. Suggestions Via cautiously dissecting all the other options, we suggest elective one as the best fit answer for this organization because of it being generally handy at the company’s current circumstance. We firmly accept that proceeding with unique intends to grow in Winnipeg is the valuable answer for the organization as they as of now produce a similar sort of items and have the extra land to convey forward the development, since this plant is a minimal effort maker and is perfect to use the U.S private mark area. Likewise, this option is gainful on the grounds that it is reliable with the company’s in general targets. Given the markdown pace of 18% and a $5.2 million capital venture the NPV of the normal income is certain. Also, suggestion one is the most appropriate for this organization on the grounds that: * There is land promptly accessible in Winnipeg. This can set aside the organization some cash as far as the extension in light of the fact that these will bring about less of a cost due to Laurentian possessing the additional land space. * Building a plant in U.S. will require a great deal of capital, extra costs for employing, preparing, and so forth., and possible change underway, the board or different methods because of various guidelines in U.S. * Expanding in Toronto will likewise require extra capital and extra an ideal opportunity to recruit and train the workforce to deliver the pizza items which aren’t created in the Toronto office.

The Basics of Economics :: Economics

Financial matters is the examination and comprehension of the economy or the arrangement of government and individuals that manages cash and monetary things. Since the administration authorities didn't comprehend my report about the monetary changes that should help invigorate the economy, I have chosen to train them around barely any ideas about the economy and how it functions and how they can profit by me and utilize these ideas to settle on savvy and great choices to animate the economy. The primary thing I chose to show the administration authorities is financial opportunity. Individuals profoundly care about their financial opportunity, in this way, the administration needs to give the shoppers or individuals some opportunity. Individuals need to settle on their financial decisions; their activity or occupation, what they will do with their cash, what to create and how to deliver it. Another significant idea concerning the individuals is monetary value; individuals enormously esteem balance. Treating individuals reasonably without segregating between them is a significant guideline. In this manner, segregating based on age, sex, race, religion, or inability is unlawful. A model for monetary value would be insignificant pay; the most minimal legitimate compensation that can be paid to a laborer. Individuals who are not rich get influenced drastically by swelling; in this manner, individuals want to have value soundness. Value strength is significant in light of the fact that expansion can harm a ton of business and individuals, debilitating them to get in business and this lead the individuals to destitution and abhorring the legislature and doing mobs and strikes. Swelling can likewise toward the final product in expanding the percent of joblessness. Full jobs is when a large portion of the general public or about every last bit of it are utilized or have employments, individuals wish for this yet it will never appropriately be executed. Rivalry is the aftereffect of having opportunity in a monetary framework. Rivalry is something contrary to the restraining infrastructure; rivalry is the point at which the dealers battle to pull in the purchasers or shoppers. Rivalry exists in light of the fact that the individual business visionaries have the opportunity to pick their items. Rivalry benefits both the dealer and the purchaser. Numerous individuals perceive shortage and they need to realize how to manage it. Individuals realize that in the event that the assets are squandered, at that point the quantity of items will diminish and accordingly productivity in monetary choices is a clear thing. The administration must be proficient in taking care of the individuals' issues. Individuals trust in the financial development to increment since everybody needs to have an extravagant and pleasant life.

Writing a Scientific Essay - How to Write One

Writing a Scientific Essay - How to Write OneWhile writing a scientific essay is not as simple as it sounds, it can be done. This is not your typical essay and you need to take the time to think of a theme that goes along with the topic of the paper you are writing.As a freshman in a science course, I was inspired to write a research paper by a professor who was a professor of organic chemistry. He told me he had done such a research paper several years earlier but his grade was not very good. He said the students hated it because of the method that he used.The first part of the paper was about some project he did. Then it was about a trip he took in high school when he went to the mountains to discover the facts. Next was about a trip that his mom took him on and how she pointed out all the details that were not mentioned in the book.After this, he wrote about a middle section that featured an explanation of some controversy that he was involved in. There was a part about global war ming and another about oil drilling. It ended with how science is not perfect and some other topics were covered. It was pretty cool and interesting, but I did not do well in my class.When I was looking for ways to approach a science class, I found an instructor at a local community college who told me about some of the opportunities they had for their science courses. They have a class called 'Writing Science.' This class has sections that were taught in the same manner as mine but I was not given enough guidance and I did not know what to expect.This class was amazing. It was just like high school but this time the instructor put so much emphasis on communicating what I was trying to write. I got a B average and my teacher encouraged me to repeat the next semester.Writing a research paper can be done. It does not have to be easy or even enjoyable but it is important to know what the people who have done it before you did.There are many opportunities for science teachers and resear ch assistants to get into more creative ways of communicating information. It just takes time and attention to detail.

Gay Marriage Should Not Be Allowed Anywhere On This Earth.

Gay Marriage should not be allowed anywhere on this Earth. Charles Colson, a contributing editor of the Christianity Today magazine and a radio commentator, was against gay marriage in his article, he wrote â€Å"Gay â€Å"Marriage†: Societal Suicide.† Many people can flood both sides of this argument, but are mainly against gay marriages. Gay marriage is a sin, violates the natural law, children should be raised by a mother and father, and the rights should not be equal if they choose to disobey God. However, Katha Pollitt a poet and essayist, is all for gay marriage in her article, â€Å"What’s wrong with Gay Marriage?† First and foremost, gay marriages should not be allowed in the United States because we all as humans were not put on this earth to†¦show more content†¦A child should be raised by a father and a mother. A child should not be raised by the same gender growing up. Gay marriage ignores the offspring’s best interests. It really offends God in a lot of ways that there are people in our world like this. People will use the excuse of everybody sins, but I know that this issue is one of the major sins that you should not cross, no matter the circumstances. God created men and women to be fertile and multiply. He created us to raise the children correctly and maybe become doctors. He did not create us to raise or have the same gender. Children need mother and father figures throughout their life. In the Article â€Å"What’s wrong with Gay Marriage?† by the Katha Pollitt, she is for Gay Marriage and honestly believes there is nothing wrong with it. She does not believe that homosexuals threaten the institution. In the article on page 461, Pollitt states, â€Å"Gay marriage is not about sex, it is about separation of church and state. She strongly believes that gay marriage creates happiness. Pollitt is not a fan of marriage becau se she rather love freely, but she agrees that gay marriage should get the same type of treatment like an ordinary marriage between a man and woman. She sees marriage as an easy way to receive money. Some people look at it as loving one person and growing family. â€Å"Speaking for myself†¦... as a social mechanism, ,moreover, marriage seems to me a deeply unfair way of distributing social goods like health insurance,Show MoreRelated Same-Sex Marriage Essays1127 Words   |  5 PagesSame-Sex Marriage The United States is known world wide for its civil rights and freedoms. Many Americans are appalled by the idea of same-sex marriages. What?s wrong with the idea of two people who care greatly for one another wanting to spend their lives together? The gay community is misunderstood because many straights are not willing to listen. 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Discussing the Pros and Cons of Vaccinations - 673 Words

Discussing the Pros And Cons Of Vacciniations Thesis: Vaccinations have many benefits including the prevention of certain diseases but they also can cause issues and be very riskful in using them to treat or prevent a disease. Some of these issues include the ethic dilemma behind the subject. Introduction: Vaccines are among the most affordable and successful public health tools for preventing disease, disability, and sometimes death. Not only do they protect a vaccinated individual from developing a potentially deadly disease, but they also lead to protecting an entire community by reducing the spread of infectious agents. Although vaccines have many beneficial factors to it, there are still some problems in using them. Many vaccines may include side effects that can lead to autism or even death. Vaccinations have many benefits including the prevention of certain diseases but they also can cause issues and be very riskful in using them to treat or prevent a disease. Some of these issues include the ethic dilemma behind the subject. There are many benefits that come from using vaccinations to help prevent diseases One of the biggest benefits in being vaccinating is that they can save peoples lives. Whether it be you, your family, or your community, they protect others that you care about. With all of the technology improvements and advances we are able to fight and protect more effectively against ermiging diseases. Another reason why you should be vaccinated isShow MoreRelatedVaccines And The Eradication Of Disease Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesthat is not good enough, they would rather believe stories than fact. I propose that a new nationwide law be passed, a law to make vaccinations mandatory for all children, with the only exemption being religious, and severe medical reasons. 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Essay Violence in Video Games - 1792 Words

Video game violence has been a controversial subject for many years. Even the most simple, classic video games have had this topic pop up, dating back to the 1980’s, games like Space Invaders, Pac-Man, and Donkey Kong. But more especially in modern video games, such as the Call of Duty and Grand Theft Auto series. Many investigations attempt to analyze the idea that video games are making people more prone to violence, and even point to violence related events, some of said research information may be faulty. Within these investigations there will be evidence and proof for both parties and analyzing if they may or may not be valid, and considering the people behind the statistics and their claims. Most people that live in somewhat†¦show more content†¦A good explanation of that comes from Marc Prensky: â€Å"The most explicit kind of learning in video and computer games is how to do something. As you play you learn, gradually or quickly, the moves of the game-h ow various characters, pieces, or anything else operate and what you can make them do.†(Prensky 20) He also has another article that explains exactly what is gained from these types of activities, stated here: â€Å"At the second level, players learn what to do in any particular game (and, equally important, what not to do).†(Prensky 21). So with that information, just because a game isn’t made for learning, doesn’t mean that said person cannot learn from said game. Many people also claim that video games cause people to become dumb and cause children to have poor grades in school. Some may say that belongs to the responsibility of the person playing the game or the parents of the child, limiting their play time and making time for them to study instead of playing video games. Video games also tend to generate a massive amount of revenue. A large part of the revenue has violence contained in those products. 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It is rumored that games such as â€Å"Call of Duty, Mortal Kombat, Battlefield, Halo and many more have been the culprit behind a recent spike in childhood aggression. Many people have their own views on the subject, but it has been most com monly deduced that aggression is caused by the games, but violence does not alwaysRead MoreVideo Games and Violence942 Words   |  4 Pages Video Games and Violence Awe entering in more advanced society of technology, video games has become a popular source of entertainment among us. Almost all of us has rented or owned a video game and we have spent hours playing it. As we all know, video games have become the second most popular form of entertainment after television; the source of entertainment is proven to be violent. Excessive playing of video games has a huge impact on our life as well asRead MoreVideo Games and Violence1011 Words   |  4 Pagesare probably millions and billions of video games sold every year to people. 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Depending on the video game that is chosen, does not mean the child will result in violent behavior later on in lifeRead MoreViolence in Video Games770 Words   |  3 PagesIn the article from Thom Gillespie states that Grand Theft Auto (GTA) is the latest video game to be known of demeaning our society’s youth in the U.S. He states though however, video games such as GTA are â€Å"art† and deserve protection. Moreover, those games just mirror humanitys violent instincts; they do not provoke violence, Gillespie argues. These games also offer chances for debates about ethical issues and the costs of actions. It is known from his writings that Thom G illespie is a professor

Diversity Resistance in Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Diversity Resistance in Organizations. Answer: Introduction: The underlining term workplace diversity implies the variety of differences among the people associated with the business organization. Within the entire process of business people belonging to different cultural attitude are intimately associated for providing effective service. This particular study has focused to discuss on how the diversity management has a major impact in building organizational reputation and recognition. The primary purpose of workplace diversity is to bring together the people of various ethnic backgrounds, religions and age groups. At the very initial stage most of the business organizations belonging to Australia intended to hire employees from the regional market. Currently the scenario has been changed. As per the current scenario it has been observed that business experts are willing to appoint employees as per their level of competency rather than their cultural and ethnic backgrounds. However, this particular study has focused to provide an in-depth overview on how business organizations after implementing diversity management at the workplace have reached the peak of success. Why has diversity given so much attention lately? Barak (2016) opined that most of the business organizations of Australia intended to follow a proper hierarchical structure in order to recruit an individual employees for a better position. The persons who had been recruited for the higher position should have the experience of several years. Otherwise, the employees are not allowed to hold the position of senior employees. However, as per the current business trend skills and competencies get enough values rather than seniority. Employees despite belonging to young age group can hold the position of a senior manager due to in-depth academic background as well as sufficient experience (Ciocirlan and Pettersson 2012). After the implementation of diversity management at the workplace people of different age group are getting opportunities for being associated within the business organization. The level of skill and competency has become the matter of major concern for business experts rather than their seniority level. On the other hand, Garnero, Kampelmann and Rycx (2014) stated that business organizations initially have spread their wings in the regional market. Therefore, diversity management was not necessary to be implemented at this specific time. The human resource managers intended to recruit those employees who belong to regional places. After the business expansion the organizational experts had to change their internal strategies and policies for gaining international fame and recognition. For an example, Woolworth has started their journey in the market of Australia. At that particular time human resource managers of Woolworths had only recruited regional employees. As per the current business scenario, Woolworths has already expanded their entire process of business by launching their products and services in multinational countries. While prevailing their business beyond going the regional market, Woolworths had to recruit people of different cultural attitudes and religious backgroun ds (Harvey and Allard 2015). In order to run a business process skill and competency is highly important for surviving at the workplace. Therefore, the human resource managers have focused to prioritise on the skills and efficiency of the employees rather than their cultural attitudes. Hendricks and Cope (2013) stated that in order to make an effective business promotion about products and services most of the business organizations should stay away from any kind of products as well as services. Target customers can be considered as one of the most effective factors due to which organization can achieve the peak of success. Customers are from different cultural backgrounds (Hughes and Stephens 2012). Therefore, customers tend to show their interest in purchasing products and services only when the organization would be able to service diversified products. Therefore, employees at the workplace need to maintain diversity based on which the organization can produce diversified products and services. For an example, The Iconic is one of the most recognizable retail organizations especially famous fashionable clothes. The product designers are very much skilful to design diversified products that can be accepted by the customers of various cultural and psychological ba ckgrounds (Klarsfeld et al. 2014). Therefore, workplace diversity is one of the most effective reasons due to which The Iconic is flexible to provide different kinds of fashionable clothes to the customers from multinational countries. Legas and Sims (2012) stated that workplace diversity is not possessed with some of its major drawbacks as well. The employees while interacting with the people of different cultural attitudes and backgrounds face numerous obstacles such as communication barrier, psychological barrier, and cultural as well as religious barrier and so on. Language is one of the most significant issue due to which employees fail to make a proper interaction with each other. Due to the linguistic barrier employee especially in the customer service department fails to exchange necessary information. Ultimately, the existing staffs fail to maintain a balance between product supply and demand (Munjuri and Maina 2013). However, language barrier is very much important in deciding the level of performance of the employees. On the other hand, psychological barrier is another major factor that hinders a business organization to maintain their service effectively. Due to the psychological barriers business manag ers are unable to make appropriate business strategy by maintaining participative leadership style at the workplace. As a result, the business experts have to face innumerable barriers to draw the attention of customers (Okoro and Washington 2012). Therefore, psychological barriers can play a significant role for maintaining the entire business process. From those specific perspectives, diversity in workplace becomes a major hindrance for running the business in international market. Podsiadlowski et al. (2013) has firmly opposed the point of view of previous scholars. As per the opinion of this specific author it has been observed that the mission of implementing diversity management at the workplace is vast and wide. Implementation of diversity at the workplace is the only way with the help of which the business experts can make market strategy and policy in a collective way. On the other hand, human resource managers become flexible to focus on skill and competency level of the employee rather than showing their attitudes towards religious as well as cultural biasness. What are the workforce diversity challenges and opportunities confronting new managers in the 21st century? In order to expand the entire business in the international market the business managers have to face innumerable challenges for being accustomed with the diversity cultures at the workplace. The challenges are as follows: Effective communication is highly important for providing effective service to the customers. Due to the lack of communication the customers have to wait for a long time for receiving a proper service. Therefore, communication is highly important for maintaining a business process systematically. It has been observed that business experts while dealing with the persons of several backgrounds and attitudes have to face communication problem (Rice 2015). As a result, the managers fail to share appropriate business strategy and policy at the workplace. Employees belong to different geographical backgrounds. Therefore, linguistic barrier is the matter of major obstacle to communicate with the employees properly. In order to overcome this kind of major communication issues, the managers of popular business organizations have decided to provide an effective training and development session to enhance the skill of communication. Training and development session helps the employees to overco me their linguistic barriers. Challenges in psychology and cultures: Psychological and cultural barrier has become one of the major factors due to which business managers face obstacle to run business organizations in the international market. For an example, The Iconic being an organization of fashionable clothes fails to draw the attention of those people who belong to orthodox backgrounds. On the other hand, while making the business decision regarding the product designs and market strategy the managers have collected different opinions from various employees (Saxena 2014). As a result, the business managers had to face major problems to take a proper decision. In order to overcome this kind of situation, company likes to apply some major strategies and policies to satisfy needs and demands of every single employee equally. The business managers generally decide to arrange a group discussion session where employees from several departments have to be present there. Every individual employee has the equal right to share opinion (Thomas 2012). Therefore, the session of group discussion employees of various departments get priority and response in sharing their views regarding business goal. Therefore, business managers get the scope to make a collective decision regarding business strategy and policy. In this kind of situation, employees do not show their level of dissatisfaction as they have been treated with equal respect and dignity. Religious barriers are the most effective problem due to which business mnagers fail to maintain an effective international organizational balance. With the dynamic progress of civilization, the customers expectations and behaviours are also changing with time. Therefore, business organizations have to render unique features in their products and services. It has been observed that due to the religious barriers organizations fail to render variety in their products and services. Wood et al. (2016) opined that employees belong to different religious backgrounds believe on different psychologies and attitudes. Therefore, employees may become a major hindrance in rendering the diversity in products. In order to overcome this kind of religious issues, the business organizations have decided to implement some major strategies and policies (Thomas 2012). The business experts have decided to provide an effective training to the employees for enhancing their knowledge and skills. With the help of this particular training and development process, the employees tend to evaluate their minds. As a result, organizations automatically, focus to render diversified products and service to grab the attention of customers from various geographical corners. Without focusing on product diversity, the business organizations can never expand their entire business process in the global market Challenges in business decision making: Business decision making is highly important to implement appropriate strategy and policy. In order to reach the peak of business success most of the business managers intend to implement an effective market strategy so that products can be promoted in various geographical areas. The role of employees in making an effective and appropriate decision for a business organization is highly important. In most of the cases, it has been observed that business experts fail to take proper decision due to the psychological barriers happening among the employees (Thomas 2012). People at the workplace like to express their various opinions before implementing a particular market strategy. In this kind of situation, business managers have to face difficulties to take an appropriate decision. In order to overcome this kind of challenges, most of the business managers like to follow autocratic form of leadership style. In this particular form of leadership style, employees get least opportunities t o share their own opinion. As a result, business managers like to impose their own decision on the employees. As a result, people do not have the scope to express their point of views. However, Barak (2016) stated that autocratic form of leadership style de-motivates the employees towards providing good services for meeting the business target. Therefore, most of the prestigious business organizations intend to follow democratic leadership style to encourage the employees towards reaching business goal. Conclusion: The entire study has focused to deal on how diversity within the organization is highly important for rendering the success of an organization in the domain of global market. At the very initial stage, business organization did not focus on maintaining workplace diversity. Belong to the 21st century most of the business organizations have preferred to implement diversity management at their workplace for being flexible in international market. Therefore, in the late centuries business organizations such as Woolworths, the Iconic have decided to follow workplace diversity to draw the attention of global customers. The study has critically analysed whether diversity at workplace is beneficial for the business organization or not. Various challenges faced by the new managers in implementing workforce diversity have been discussed in this particular study. Reference List: Barak, M.E.M., 2016.Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Ciocirlan, C. and Pettersson, C., 2012. Does workforce diversity matter in the fight against climate change? An analysis of Fortune 500 companies.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,19(1), pp.47-62. Garnero, A., Kampelmann, S. and Rycx, F., 2014. The heterogeneous effects of workforce diversity on productivity, wages, and profits.Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society,53(3), pp.430-477. Harvey, C.P. and Allard, M., 2015.Understanding and managing diversity. Pearson. Hendricks, J.M. and Cope, V.C., 2013. Generational diversity: what nurse managers need to know.Journal of advanced nursing,69(3), pp.717-725. Hughes, C. and Stephens, D., 2012. Leveraging workforce diversity through a career development paradigm shift.Handbook of research on workforce diversity in a global society: Technologies and concepts, pp.262-272. Klarsfeld, A., Booysen, L.A., Ng, E., Roper, I. and Tatli, A. eds., 2014.9.78 E+ 12: Country Perspectives on Diversity and Equal Treatment. Edward Elgar Publishing. Legas, M. and Sims, C.H., 2012. Leveraging generational diversity in todays workplace.Online Journal for Workforce Education and Development,5(3), p.1. Munjuri, M.G. and Maina, R.M., 2013. Workforce Diversity Management and Employee Performance in the banking sector in Kenya.DBA Africa Management Review,3(1). Okoro, E.A. and Washington, M.C., 2012. Workforce diversity and organizational communication: Analysis of human capital performance and productivity.Journal of Diversity Management (Online),7(1), p.57. Podsiadlowski, A., Grschke, D., Kogler, M., Springer, C. and Van Der Zee, K., 2013. Managing a culturally diverse workforce: Diversity perspectives in organizations.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,37(2), pp.159-175. Rice, M.F., 2015.Diversity and public administration. ME Sharpe. Saxena, A., 2014. Workforce diversity: a key to improve productivity.Procedia Economics and Finance,11, pp.76-85. Thomas, K.M. ed., 2012.Diversity resistance in organizations. Psychology Press. Trenerry, B., Franklin, H. and Paradies, Y., 2012. Preventing race-based discrimination and supporting cultural diversity in the workplace: an evidence review: full report. Wood, J.M., Zeffane, R.M., Fromholtz, M., Wiesner, R., Morrison, R., Factor, A., McKeown, T., Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J.G. and Osborn, R.N., 2016.Organisational behaviour: Core concepts and applications. John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd.

Scottish Independence free essay sample

Scotland is at a turning point. On 18th September 2014 a referendum will be held asking voters a simple yes/no question: â€Å"Should Scotland be an independent country? † It has become more apparent that Scotland does not benefit from being part of the union with England, Wales and Northern Ireland and as a consequence of this many people agree that Scotland would be better off as an independent country. Some say the union is no longer fit for purpose and it is holding Scotland back. But many people oppose these views saying Scotland needs the rest of the UK and the economic and social factors of independence would be too great to deal with. Independence for Scotland means that we will have the right to make our own decisions about the future of our own country rather than those decisions being made by politicians in London. In this essay, I will present a fair conclusion by weighing up the arguments for and against Scottish Independence. We will write a custom essay sample on Scottish Independence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The relationship between Scotland and its larger neighbour have always been difficult, especially during the â€Å"wars of independence† led my William Wallace and then by Robert the Bruce. After many cross-border disputes, including when Scotland was defeated by the English in 1513 at Flodden, the Scottish and English crowns we united in 1603 when King James IV of Scotland became monarch of the British Isles. The 1800s saw Scotland’s economy booming but proposals to give Scotland some form of â€Å"home-rule† was continually unsuccessful until 1999 when a Scottish parliament was re-established. The First Minister of Scotland, Alex Salmond, and the SNP unexpectedly won an historic grand slam forming the first majority government in the Scottish parliament despite the Scottish system being set up to prevent a party gaining a majority and the only majority government in the whole UK enabling Mr Salmond to demand an independence referendum. Moreover independence would enable Scotland to become more successful. One of the main reasons more and more people are supporting Scottish Independence is the great economic benefits it would have. The similarities between Scotland and Norway for example; both having relatively similar populations and large oil, gas and renewable energy resources; show how different Scotland would be if it had control over its own economy. Both countries discovered oil in the North Sea at the same time but couldn’t have spent the money they made in more contrast. The British government under Margret Thatcher used the money they made from oil and gas to close down the coal and shipbuilding industries in the 1970s and 1980s which caused widespread poverty and unemployment in Scotland and Northern England while the Norwegian government used the profits they made from the North Sea more wisely to fund a pension fun with ? 300 billion. While independent countries were able to spend their profits from oil and gas on beneficial strategies such as creating one of the best pension schemes in the world, the British government spent Scotland’s profits on funding unemployment. With this worrying knowledge it’s difficult to see why anyone would want to support the union. I would like to take a different angle from it now. In addition, I strongly believe that Britain is arguably structured on extremely undemocratic principles. Why hasn’t the union worked? How is it at all democratic for the UK to have an unequal proportional electoral system in place where nearly 400 seats in parliament are taken up by England and Scotland with 59? Doesn’t seem fair. A good illustration of this is in the House of Lords where there are 26 seats taken up by bishops just because they are members of the church of England nevertheless the Scottish parliament uses a much more democratic system which doesn’t reserve places for members and appoints members using a proportional electoral system. Becoming independent would therefore arguably be a step for democracy and for the health and recovery of its economy. The majority of laws which are put in place in Scotland are decided and passed in Westminster by English politicians who will not be affected by these laws and are intended primarily for England without much consideration for Scotland. At present Scotland has a government that runs lots of Scottish affairs but has one hand tied behind its back with ones not in their control – such as taxation and fiscal policies. Although Scotland already has control over its own parliament and legal system, it still has no control over its own defence and security. My favourite news recently is that nuclear warheads were transported through Glasgow even though MSPs condemned strongly against this and without informing the local authorities. The MoD recently carried out a mock-emergency exercise which took them five hours to complete the task and if something bad had happened with just one of those warheads Glasgow would be uninhabitable for years and years. All of the UK’s nuclear weapons are kept in Scotland even though most people in Scotland are against them; polls show 70% of Scots want it gone yet the UK government force it on Scotland and it is not up for debate. Independence would see the nuclear weapons gone and therefore the country as a whole would be safer. On the topic of safety, the Scottish government intends to keep Sterling as Scotland’s currency – although the SNP were originally in favour of the Euro but with the Eurozone problems it now proposes safer implications to keep the pound. It is becoming increasingly A lot of these â€Å"questions sceptics† are asking of the yes campaign ahead of their vote but why aren’t they asking the same questions of the government in power just now? I suggest that this is because people are selfish, they don’t want changes to happen when they don’t know exactly what it will be like. Tell that to the children living in poverty in your own country. If things stay as they are just now, by 2020 100,000 children will be living in poverty in Scotland – 4 times the population of the Western Isles. Contrary to this and despite the evidence in to show that independence would be beneficial to Scotland there are those who are still unconvinced. Many people consider unity as strength; together with the UK, Scotland is part of a rich, powerful and influential state and therefore believe that becoming independent would arguably significantly decrease Scotland’s influence and global presence. Equally a large number of people regard independence as a huge economic gamble. There has been speculation over how Scotland will survive if we no longer have access to the British â€Å"money pot† especially during the tough times of recession and rising unemployment.

Review of Pans Travail essays

Review of Pan's Travail essays J. Donald Hughes, Pans Travail, (Baltimore, 1994), 277 pp. Oddly enough, there is little biographical information available on J. Donald Hughes. His special interest in the Mediterranean and sacred groves is evidenced by the numerous books and articles he has published on the subject. He is multilingual, fluent in German, Greek, and Spanish with basic skills in French and Russian as well. He received his doctorate in History from Boston University and then taught at several different colleges. He is currently a History professor at the University of Denver, and the author of eight other books and articles about environmental history. The first four chapters (out of eleven total) are dedicated to providing the reader with background information. Hughes gives an overview of environmental history and ecology as a whole, preparing the reader to narrow the focus of these concepts to a single area: the Mediterranean Basin. He also describes this region and discusses why it is such a unique ecosystem. Not only are climate, land, and sea addressed, but a charming section on the different winds of each section of the region is also included. Pre-history is touched upon, and Hughes examines Egyptian and Mesopotamian societies and their relationships with nature. By showing how each city dealt differently with the flooding of their respective rivers, Hughes illustrates two opposing views towards nature. Literary evidence shows how Greek and Roman religion viewed the world as a sacred place. This contrasts with the view eventually offered by such philosophers as Aristotle which placed nature in hierarchical order, with plants exist[ing] for the sake of animals, animals for the sake of man, and...inferior men [as] natural slaves of the superior (60). These four chapters effectively give the reader enough information about the basis of Greek and Roman society to understand the following arguments regarding the...

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 40

Case Study Example It provides job rotation which overcomes the boredom of overspecialized work. It increases the responsibility, recognition and opportunity of the employees for achievement of their goals or objectives. The employers are able to retain the productive employees by offering flexible working conditions. The employers are able to attract the skilled and talented workers by providing flexible working hours and alternative working arrangement. The employees generally prefer to work with those organizations that provide perks and benefits to the organization. Google is considered as the best company to work for. It facilitates the employees to set their own daily work schedules. It promotes job sharing where more than one employee performs the job. Therefore the flexibility acts as an important element in motivating and retaining talented work force in the organization. Therefore it is beneficial for both the employers and the employees working in the organization (Lincoln and Kalleberg 40-45). Apart from the benefits of the alternative work arrangement, there are various negative consequences, the negative outcomes for the employers are training the employees, monitoring their work progress on a frequent or timely basis, performance evaluation etc. The training time is increased; it lowers the personnel utilization levels, the chance of error will be more. The financial cost also increases due to the changes in the job environment. The alternative work arrangement will encourage the baby boomers to stay in the organization which will restrict the entrance of new talented individual in the company. The flexibility and the benefit provided by the organization will prevent the baby boomers from leaving the organization. Therefore the productivity and the performance of the organization may be negatively affected. The negative outcome

The Dani, Papua New Guinea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Dani, Papua New Guinea - Essay Example The irrigated land is provided freely for use by any member without prior payments or negotiations. Land ownership by an individual is rare since its vested in kins’ and only allocated in times of need. An individual may own the plantation but not the land. The heirs’ give the landowners gifts and offerings before using the land. Failure to do so will result in dispossession of the property by the landowners (Zimmer & Amakoshi, 2007). Based on Zimmer & Amakoshi (2007) horticulture is routine by cultivation of sweet potatoes in large fields of valley bounded by ditches. Plantation is carried out year round where every family possess a portion of the harvest. The ditches assist in drainage of water during wet seasons and deliverance of spring water during dry spells. Additionally, they also serve as mulching basins. The ditches further prevent unwanted pigs form the farms. Other staple foods include starchy vegetables like yams, rice, wild sago, taro and breadfruit; supplemented by bananas, wild greens, mangos and coconuts. Hunting is also practiced which provides meat from fowl, pigs, marsupials, cassowaries and turtles. Each household practice pig keeping. The pigs are only slaughtered and consumed during special occasions (Zimmer & Amakoshi, 2007). The community holds plenty of ceremonies and hence each Dani member receives pork every week. Domestication of pigs is highly significant that specific medical practices are carried out in order to assist them grow. The male pigs are castrated so as to control breeding and increase their sizes. Every Dani member participates in food production. However, the members cultivate their farms using manual labor whereby they incorporate inferior methods and technologies. Sweet potatoes are planted as monocrops in the irrigated fields whereby the soils are dug using sharp poles. Their harvest is enormous whereby it supports a population-density of more than 400/square mile (Zimmer & Amakoshi, 2007). The

Evaluating the Research Process Essay Example for Free

Evaluating the Research Process Essay Literature Review The following paper will address the research process using the article Assessing Pregnancy Intention and Associated Risks in Pregnant Adolescents. The research process consists of nine parts that include; selecting a problem, formulating a hypothesis, reviewing the literature, listing the measures, describing the subjects, constructing a design, constructing and identifying measurement devices, analysis of the data, and generating conclusions (Neutens Rubinson, 2010). The literature review shows that adolescent pregnancy is a multifaceted problem. Adolescent pregnancy has risk factors that must be taken into account. Ethics Some of these risk factors would be the ethical considerations. The Nuremberg Code which was established in 1947 tried to provide regulations. These regulations were to prevent any more atrocities in human research (Neutens Rubinson, 2010). One of the ethical considerations would be informed consent. Informed consent came about after the Nuremberg Code. Informed consent is about telling the subject about the details of the research, any risks or benefits that could come about (Neutens Rubinson, 2010) Ethical considerations must be taken into consideration when performing tests on human subjects. If anything is not disclosed in the informed consent, it would leave the researchers vulnerable to a lawsuit as well as invalidating the research study. In the article, Assessing Pregnancy Intention and Associated Risks in Pregnant Adolescents, informed consent was followed. â€Å"Informed consent was obtained from the participant and if the participant was younger than 18 years old, conse nt was obtained from her guardian with assent of the minor (participant)† (Phipps Nunes, 2012). The researchers found the subjects during their first prenatal care appointment to the â€Å"Women and Infants Hospital Women’s Primary Care Center, Providence, RI between March 2002 and February 2005† (Phipps Nunes,  2012). Steps were taken to ensure that the participants would be considered adolescents even after their babies were born and that they would understand what was expected of them. The research study was conducted by using research assistants that interviewed the participants. They were questioned about their â€Å"demographic characteristics, life plans, social supports, peer and family relationships, financial support, behavioral risks, and medical history† (Phipps Nunes, 2012). In example, research surveys â€Å"included validated questions where available and where not available content-relevant questions were assessed for face validity. The surveys underwent a process of review and revision that included both clinical experts and age-relevant volunteers† (). In the survey, subjects were asked about pregnancy planning, so that the assistants could assess the subjects’ level of agreement with statements. The statements were coded to assess for risk factors. The state ments ranged from trying to getting pregnant and best age to get pregnant as well as overall feelings about pregnancy (Phipps Nunes, 2012). Statistical Analysis All of the information that was gathered by the research assistants from the participants is used in the statistical analysis to determine the significance level. â€Å"The significance level of a statistical hypothesis test is a fixed probability of wrongly rejecting the null hypothesis, if it is in fact true. The significance level is typically set at five percent† (The Statistics Glossary, n.d.). So anything higher than five percent would be considered statistically insignificant. The researchers â€Å"did observe significant associations between our pregnancy intention metrics and known risk factors for poor outcomes† (Phipps Nunes, 2012). There were two dimensions of pregnancy intention that the researchers assessed. The two significant dimensions were emotional readiness and planning. Emotional readiness was more â€Å"strongly associated with risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Pregnant teens identified as not emotionally ready were at increased risk for delayed prenatal care, inadequate prenatal care utilization, delayed use of prenatal vitamins, recent smoking, recent drinking, recent drug use and depression† (Phipps Nunes, 2012). The findings in the research study article is statistically significant. The study showed that emotional readiness and planning are critical for having a  healthy pregnancy. Before this study came out, researchers thought that being emotionally ready was not nearly as important to pregnancy as proper health care. However, if one is not emotionally ready it can affect getting proper health care. Research Conclusions The conclusion to this study determined that emotional readiness and planning are the main risk factors for adolescent pregnancy that has adverse outcome. This study tests the thought that emotional readiness and planning are the two most important factors against family type as the most important risk factor. If the study was looking into preventing adolescent pregnancy, then family type is the most important risk factor. Emotional readiness and planning are important so that one will have a healthy pregnancy. The results to this study are appropriate. There is enough information to determine that the article was indeed effective. The statistics provided in this study were quantitative in nature. The data was collected in an ethical manner. This can be determined by the appropriate exclusion criteria. The article further indicates that previous research was conducted on the topic adolescent pregnancy. This research enabled the creation of a scoring method to identify adolescents tha t are at risk for pregnancy. The results to this study are very appropriate and there is enough information to determine that the article was indeed effective. The statistics provided in this study were clearly listed and defined. The data was ethically collected and appropriate exclusion criteria were indicated to avoid producing biased results. The article further indicates that previous research was conducted on the topic of adolescent pregnancy. This research enabled the creation of a scoring method to identify those at risk of adolescent pregnancy. The article, Assessing pregnancy intention and associated risks in pregnant adolescents, looks into risk factors for adolescents becoming pregnant and having a health pregnancy. The article uses the research process to come to the conclusions that family type, emotional readiness and planning are all important. Family type is statistically important because it states that an adolescent is more at risk for pregnancy if they come from a less than ideal home. Emotional readiness and planning is statistically important because they can affect pregnancy outcome. These conclusions are the same con clusions that the researchers came to in their article. References Neutens, J. J., Rubinson, L. (2010). Research techniques for the health sciences (4th Ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Phipps, M. G., Nunes, A. P. (2012). Assessing pregnancy intention and associated risks in pregnant adolescents. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(9), 1820-7. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0928-0 The Statistics Glossary. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/glossary/

This essay will consider four of this type of story, by short story

This essay will consider four of this type of story, by short story writers of the period; Dickens’ The Signal Man, The Monkeys Paw’ by W W Jacobs, H G Wells The Red Room and The Dream Woman by Wilkie Collins. LOOKING AT THE ATTUTUDES OF THE PERIOD, EXAMINE HOW A RANGE OF 19TH CENTURY WRITERS CREATE MYSTERY AND SUSPENSE IN THEIR SHORT SHORIES The rise in popularity of magazines in Victorian times and the era’s fascination in the unknown and supernatural led to immense interest in the short story genre. The key to the success of short stories is holding the reader’s attention by the use of interesting and meaningful subject matter, by using a condensed style of writing in order to maintain suspense and intrigue. The Victorian era saw great development in science which led to conflicts in belief between faith and science, and rationalism and the supernatural. Many of the 19th century short stories concerned the supernatural. This essay will consider four of this type of story, by short story writers of the period; Dickens’ ‘The Signal Man’, ‘The Monkey’s Paw’ by W W Jacobs, H G Wells’ ‘The Red Room’ and ‘The Dream Woman’ by Wilkie Collins. These authors create mystery and suspense in a variety of ways; in the location of the story, the technique of narrative blurring where the readers’ imagination is allowed to conjure up its worst fears, inconclusive endings leaving some vital questions unanswered, unseen terror, mysterious characters and the type of language used. I will explore all of these aspects of their writing. The location of all these short stories plays a very important role in setting the scene. They were written at the beginning of the Romantic Period which gave rise to a taste for... ...ecame very popular as they came around at a time of change, and looked at the possibilities of the supernatural which were unheard of before this time. There are many methods of creating mystery and suspense; the effective use of language and writing styles to create characters of intrigue and mystery. Using locations to create a feeling of loneliness, isolation and despair add to the suspense of a short story. Additionally, short stories often include characters of mystery that the reader never has the opportunity to learn more about, thus maintaining the feeling of suspense. In my opinion one of the most effective ways 19th century writers created mystery and suspense in their short story writing was by quickening the pace and rhythm of the text by using short, snappy sentences and chapters which cannot help to engage the reader and quicken their pulse.

Literature that Wouldn’t Die Essay

My old-maid aunt loaned me the first book when I was eight. Of course, I didn’t think of her as my old maid aunt then. She was just my aunt, who was way older than my mom and drove a cool car and lived at home with my grandparents. She had the best records and still played them—vinyl records. But it was the books that made me seek her out. She had every Hardy Boys book ever written. As soon as I proved I could read the first one, then I got to read a new one every time we visited and we visited at least once a week. I can’t say that I really understood them in second-grade, and I surely didn’t know what a mansion was, but I figured out that it was a big, old house and went from there. By my next birthday, the books were officially mine. All of them, hardcover, many original printings, were given to me because my aunt believes that children should read. That was the first one I actually remember, but my mother said it dates backs further; every holiday or birthday my aunt sent books. Through her I met Flicka and Big Red and Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer, but the love affair was with the detective novels, started by those Hardy Boys novels. As a teenager, I moved on to James Patterson. Then, it was â€Å"The Maltese Falcon† and Sherlock Holmes, Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot. For a long time, I was alone in my fascination with a good â€Å"Who dun it? †, but as time progressed, I found that society is obsessed with figuring out the crime, finding the bad guy. My weirdness was that I was reading them instead of watching them on television. And, the modern whodunit is not merely a tale of murder and intrigue; it was a modified look at the forensic clues and figuring it out before the people on the television due. Take for example, the third week in November, 2007. According to Nielsen Media Research six of the top 20 shows on broadcast television were detective shows, four of them directly related to the use of forensic evidence to solve a crime (Nielsen, 2007). Americans are obsessed with the crime drama, the modern variant of the detective novel that my aunt introduced me to. In short order, I can name a dozen of these shows, all virtually identical to those bright blue books I read as a boy. As I got older, it became clear that America has a fascination with the whodunit novel, or television series, as the case may be. From the Hardy Boys to â€Å"Colombo†, Americans are fascinated with the detective story. Like many kids my age, I grew up thinking it might be fun to be a hard-nosed detective. The books in my life gave way to television and the books in general became television shows or movies and gaining a life the author never foresaw as he wrote the opening scene of death or mayhem. In fact, in 2007 the novel once again became the television series as James Patterson’s Women’s Murder Club became Angie Harmon’s new show. The novel series, which began with â€Å"First to Die†, is about a San Francisco homicide detective and one of my recent favorite reads. Harmon, who once starred in one of the Law & Order franchise crime dramas, stars as the lead detective. This movement of book to television and the continuation of the detective novel is remarkable, but not unique to the modern age. Of course, this wasn’t the first of Patterson’s to go main stream. Years ago, other young men and I were impressed with Detective Alex Cross as brought to life by Morgan Freeman in â€Å"Kiss the Girls† and â€Å"Along Came A Spider†. In his 1970 essay, â€Å"Murder and Manners: The Formal Detective Novel†, George Grella puts it this way,†The formal detective novel, the so-called ‘pure puzzle’ or ‘whodunit’, is the most firmly established and easily recognized version of the thriller† (30). And, he says, we are fascinated by the genre. It has become an icon onto itself and holds its own against other genres of literature quite well through the years. Dating back to Edgar Allen Poe, the detective novel has been through changes, but it is still basically the same, a comfort to most people. â€Å"And almost since its inception, critics have been denouncing the rise, and announcing the demise, of the whodunit. † (30). But while they were uniformly criticized by those â€Å"in the know†, the detective novel built up a strong following in modern American society, cleverly disguised as the crime drama on television and in the movies. The simple fact of the matter is that it is not supposed to be great fiction, but sometimes, it is. It is supposed to let people feel like they figured something out, outsmarted the author by figuring out the answer before the end of the book. The author has to give the reader all the information and though they can tease a bit, directly tricking the reader is completely unfair (Grella 31). Misdirection is fine; lying is not. But the reality is that most readers are not equipped with the obscure knowledge that the detective use to solve the crimes and so the love of the mystery might be based more on a fascination not unlike our fascination with magicians. We want to see if we can figure it out and then revel in the fact that the really good ones were able to keep us from figuring it out. And, Grella points out, it is formulaic. Good or bad, the formal detective novel is predictable. It is one of the curiosities of literature that an endlessly reduplicated form, employing sterile formulas, stock characters, and innumerable cliches of method and construction, should prosper in the two decades between the World Wars and continue to amuse even in present day. More curious still, this unoriginal and predictable kind of entertainment appealed to a wide and varied audience, attracting not only the usual public for popular fiction, but also a number of educated readers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (32) The modern television whodunit has followed the same basic formula, but with the twists and turns of modern forensics thrown in for good measure. Instead of an obvious clue like a matchbook or lipstick smeared on a tea cup, the modern story has DNA and fingerprints but the story remains basically the same: Bad guy kills (maims, mutilates, rapes, etc. ) someone and the detectives strive to gather the evidence and figure it out before the reader, or in the case of television, the viewer, figures it out. Forty-five minutes into the show, whether we are ready and have solved it or not, comes the great reveal, the modern equivalent of the meeting in the study to show how it was done, by whom and why. This is the world that my aunt unwittingly introduced me to and I am not alone. In the modern era this has translated to the crime drama on television. Shows including any of the CSI variants, any of the Law & Order shows, â€Å"Cold Case Files†, â€Å"Without a Trace† and several others follow this tried and true recipe. The newest of these, Spike TV’s â€Å"Murder† takes the concept to a whole new level—real people, solving recreations of real crimes, all neatly wrapped up in an hour long show. And, â€Å"Murder† even follows the rules that Grella identifies for formal detective fiction (31). It shows all the clues that reader/viewer needs to solve the crime and challenges them to do it before the contestants do â€Å"With â€Å"every pertinent detail† being recreated, the groups will assess the crime scene, collect evidence and even meet with an actual coroner who reviews the findings of the original autopsy. † (Rocchio 2007) The show combines America’s current love of reality television with the tried and true formula of the detective novel. â€Å"For the viewer, Murder fuses the authenticity of a real-life crime scene with the suspense of trying to solve the murder before the contestants on the show,† Bunim-Murray co-founder Jon Murray stated. â€Å"We are excited to be working with Spike TV on such a cutting-edge series and hope the audience will take away a sense of how strategic and meticulous crime detectives must be on a daily basis. † The show even features its own version of the great reveal. After 45 minutes of show time, the contestants are required to set forth their version of the crime to the real-life detective who hosts the show. Then, helike a good author, points out the flaws in their logic and evidence collection and gives a narrative about what really happened. This movement toward more realism in the detective novel has taken it away from its farcical leanings (Grella 35), but continues to lead it in the tradition of the formal detective novel. Writers must put all the clues together, visually at the very least, in the 53 minutes or so of an hour long television show without making it obvious to everyone whodunit. The element of besting the writer has again become the goal. Grella had argued that this theory of outsmarting the writer might not be the actual explanation for society’s fascination with detective novels, pointing out that detectives in the novels have access to obscure knowledge the reader would not have making it virtually impossible to figure out the end without an intuitive leap (33). His conclusion was that the puzzle aspect of the novel is not in fact the motivation of viewers/readers to seek out detective novels. However, what he failed to take into consideration was that viewers/readers need an excuse to be wrong. When the villain is revealed at the end of the show or in the huge scene at the end of the novel, the reader needs an excuse to be wrong. Sure, we want to be right, but if we aren’t, we need it to be because we didn’t know the flight speed of an African swallow or some equally relevant but obscure piece of trivia. Perhaps it is because of a sense of pride in the viewer, but we need an excuse to be wrong. That way, the reader still wins. The guess about the guilty party being wrong doesn’t mean that we were outsmarted by the writer, but rather than the novelist came up with a piece of information that we did not know. And, with as much of society as is interested in random trivia, finding that obscure piece of information that the average reader will not know becomes more difficult. It is any many ways the gauntlet those readers thrown down before their favorite authors: â€Å"Fool me if you can. † The most modern of the new detective stories fool us with science, proving to us that even what our eyes see can be wrong. Authors like Patricia Cromwell and Kathy Reichs show us that the things we see may not be all there is to be seen (Palmer 2001). The reality is that the puzzle is still the name of the game and so television shows must now explain the rules of the game as they go, showing the fingerprints of the DNA evidence and finding new ways to throw in the twist. Again, in the words of Sherlock Holmes, the game is afoot, and writers are challenged to find new ways to twist the evidence and manipulate the science to keep our interest. Grella and others have complained that the detective novel is formulaic and bordering on boring, but the reality is that we like them because they are so challenging to the writer. A poorly written detective novel will bore us all to tears. We will see the buffoon of a police officer and the unsuspecting detective and even the misdirection a mile away. But a well done novel which takes what we know, what we have seen with our own eyes and forces us to see that it might not be the case is a masterful work of art. And, that is what we are looking for. We have leveled the playing field with a formulaic story and are expecting to be blow away by the puzzle. WORKS CITED: Grella, George. â€Å"Murder and Manners: The Formal Detective Novel† NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Autumn, 1970), pp. 30-48. < Stable URL: http://links. jstor. org/sici? sici=0029-5132%28197023%294%3A1%3C30%3AMAMTFD%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-H>, November 30, 2007. Nielsen Media Research, November 30, 2007. Palmer, Joy. â€Å"Tracing Bodies: Gender, Genre, and Forensic Detective Fiction† South Central Review, Vol. 18, No. 3/4, Whose Body: Recognizing Feminist Mystery and Detective Fiction. (Autumn – Winter, 2001), pp. 54-71. , November 30, 2007. Rocchio, Christopher. â€Å"Spike TV Announces new ‘CSI’-like ‘Murder’ Reality Series† Feb. 21, 0027. November 30, 2007. Wing, George. ‘Edwin Drood and Desperate Remedies: Prototypes of Detective Fiction in 1870† Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, Vol. 13, No. 4, Nineteenth Century. (Autumn, 1973), pp. 677-687. , November 30, 2007.

A study on Okot pBiteks works Song of Lawino and Song...

Song of Lawino and Song of Ocol ï ¿ ½ PAGE * MERGEFORMAT ï ¿ ½1ï ¿ ½ Okot pBitek worked as anthropologist, poet, novelist an even footballer which led him to go and being educated in England on law and anthropology and later literature. He differed himself from other African writers who wrote in western styles and in western point of view. He has chosen an African tool to express himself, a tool associated with oral tradition of Africa. He called it song. He published his works in Acoli language however upon requested to translate them into English in one of his conferences, he translated his most famous works The Song of Lawino and The Song of Ocol into English. There is an important point here which should be mentioned. He said after†¦show more content†¦Those small elites did not have much sympathy for Africans living traditional life in their villages. When it was looked to the religious diversity after the withdrawing of British, some 34.5 percent of Uganda was Catholic, 28.2 percent Protestant, 5.6 percent Moslem and the remaining 31.7 traditional (Gale, 2008). After the colonial powers withdrawing, African countries chose capitalism. The system of democracy was intended to be built but nearly all ended with dictatorships and tyranny. Okot was one of the intellectual people of Africa saying all of the influence of Europeans must be thrown away completely and traditional culture must flourish in order for Africa to be independent and survive. He harshly criticized the teaching of western works in African universities. There are some controversial subjects in Song of Lawino and Song of Ocol depicting the sharp realities of Uganda after the withdrawing of colonial powers. Lawino is at fault as she cannot play a guitar and her mother is a witch, primitive according to Ocol. He regards them as sorcerers. Ocol says he is a modern man, A progressive and civilized man, He says he has read extensively and wisely And he can no longer live with a thing like me Who cannot distinguish between good and bad (Pbitek Horley, 1984, p. 36) There are