Essay Violence in Video Games - 1792 Words

Video game violence has been a controversial subject for many years. Even the most simple, classic video games have had this topic pop up, dating back to the 1980’s, games like Space Invaders, Pac-Man, and Donkey Kong. But more especially in modern video games, such as the Call of Duty and Grand Theft Auto series. Many investigations attempt to analyze the idea that video games are making people more prone to violence, and even point to violence related events, some of said research information may be faulty. Within these investigations there will be evidence and proof for both parties and analyzing if they may or may not be valid, and considering the people behind the statistics and their claims. Most people that live in somewhat†¦show more content†¦A good explanation of that comes from Marc Prensky: â€Å"The most explicit kind of learning in video and computer games is how to do something. As you play you learn, gradually or quickly, the moves of the game-h ow various characters, pieces, or anything else operate and what you can make them do.†(Prensky 20) He also has another article that explains exactly what is gained from these types of activities, stated here: â€Å"At the second level, players learn what to do in any particular game (and, equally important, what not to do).†(Prensky 21). So with that information, just because a game isn’t made for learning, doesn’t mean that said person cannot learn from said game. Many people also claim that video games cause people to become dumb and cause children to have poor grades in school. Some may say that belongs to the responsibility of the person playing the game or the parents of the child, limiting their play time and making time for them to study instead of playing video games. Video games also tend to generate a massive amount of revenue. A large part of the revenue has violence contained in those products. Ranging from cartoon violence to hyper rea listic violence, it is still contained and still marked as such. â€Å"97% of 12-17 year olds in the US played video games in 2008, thus fueling an $11.7 billion domesticShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Video Game Violence on Physiological Desensitization to Real-life Violence2765 Words   |  12 Pageschildren who play video games for many hours daily. Addiction controls life of people, there is addiction to drugs, cigarettes, alcohol or gambling, and there are some forms of addiction associated with modern life, such as Internet and video games. Most people think that video games are harmful and waste of time. As a result, the main question of the research is how video games can influence on children and many minor questions come to mind about video games: Do video games influence a child’sRead MoreViolent Video Games Cause Increased Violence Essay1855 Words   |  8 Pagesobjective of video games is to entertain people by surprising them with new experiences.† (Shigeru Miyamoto) Shigeru Miyamoto is the creator of some of gaming’s most iconic video game characters, Mario Jumpman Mario, Link and Donkey Kong; while also, serving as co-Representative Director of the game company, Nintendo and is highly respected. Miyamoto, based on the quote provided, feels that video games are meant to entertain people and nothing more. However, many people feel as though video games only causeRead MoreVideo Games : Video Game Violence1502 Words   |  7 Pages2013 Video Game Violence The evolution of video games has taken a drastic change since the 1970’s when video games were first introduced. Since then every decade video games have become more violent in nature with strong language and realistic to suit society today. Craig Anderson states that with more violence in video games they would sell better than games with less violence (Anderson, Gentile, and Beckley pg.5). Violent video games really became popular when the first person shooter games wereRead MoreVideo Games : Video Game Violence Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesVideo Game Violence Blood and gore, intense violence, strong sexual content, use of drugs. These are just a few of the phrases that the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) uses to describe the content of several games. The future of entertainment revolves around technology. Along with the evolvement of technology, video games are also changing. More ways of playing violent video games are created each year, but most of us have this question in mind; do violent video games influence peopleRead MoreVideo Game Violence : Video Games892 Words   |  4 PagesVideo Game Violence On December 14, 2012, a twenty year old boy named Adam Lanza shot twenty children and six staff at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. Before arriving to the school, he shot his mother then committed suicide after the shooting. The reports say that he was influenced to shooting others by the video game â€Å"Call of Duty†. Video game violence is defined as a behavior including physical violence intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something impacted by videoRead MoreVideo Games : Violence And Violence1301 Words   |  6 PagesThe issue of violence in these media products has been a highly-debated issue for the past few decades. Recently it has become extremely popular in the subject of violence in video games. It is rumored that games such as â€Å"Call of Duty, Mortal Kombat, Battlefield, Halo and many more have been the culprit behind a recent spike in childhood aggression. Many people have their own views on the subject, but it has been most com monly deduced that aggression is caused by the games, but violence does not alwaysRead MoreVideo Games and Violence942 Words   |  4 Pages Video Games and Violence Awe entering in more advanced society of technology, video games has become a popular source of entertainment among us. Almost all of us has rented or owned a video game and we have spent hours playing it. As we all know, video games have become the second most popular form of entertainment after television; the source of entertainment is proven to be violent. Excessive playing of video games has a huge impact on our life as well asRead MoreVideo Games and Violence1011 Words   |  4 Pagesare probably millions and billions of video games sold every year to people. Some people seem to believe that violence correlates directly with video games. Video games are something that is usually a big interest in people at the ages of 13 to 19 years old. Video games usually start off as a little fun and then turn into a major hobby for some people. Emotions change based on whatever happens while a person is engaging in these games most of the time. These games are another way to observe how p eopleRead MoreVideo Games Violence664 Words   |  3 PagesUNV - 104 August 11, 2013 Video Games and Violence Video games and violence have different effects on children according to the type of video games that is being watched It is important to understand the world of video games. All video games do not prevent violence in children. Parents should take into consideration in monitoring their child while choosing video games. Depending on the video game that is chosen, does not mean the child will result in violent behavior later on in lifeRead MoreViolence in Video Games770 Words   |  3 PagesIn the article from Thom Gillespie states that Grand Theft Auto (GTA) is the latest video game to be known of demeaning our society’s youth in the U.S. He states though however, video games such as GTA are â€Å"art† and deserve protection. Moreover, those games just mirror humanitys violent instincts; they do not provoke violence, Gillespie argues. These games also offer chances for debates about ethical issues and the costs of actions. It is known from his writings that Thom G illespie is a professor

Diversity Resistance in Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Diversity Resistance in Organizations. Answer: Introduction: The underlining term workplace diversity implies the variety of differences among the people associated with the business organization. Within the entire process of business people belonging to different cultural attitude are intimately associated for providing effective service. This particular study has focused to discuss on how the diversity management has a major impact in building organizational reputation and recognition. The primary purpose of workplace diversity is to bring together the people of various ethnic backgrounds, religions and age groups. At the very initial stage most of the business organizations belonging to Australia intended to hire employees from the regional market. Currently the scenario has been changed. As per the current scenario it has been observed that business experts are willing to appoint employees as per their level of competency rather than their cultural and ethnic backgrounds. However, this particular study has focused to provide an in-depth overview on how business organizations after implementing diversity management at the workplace have reached the peak of success. Why has diversity given so much attention lately? Barak (2016) opined that most of the business organizations of Australia intended to follow a proper hierarchical structure in order to recruit an individual employees for a better position. The persons who had been recruited for the higher position should have the experience of several years. Otherwise, the employees are not allowed to hold the position of senior employees. However, as per the current business trend skills and competencies get enough values rather than seniority. Employees despite belonging to young age group can hold the position of a senior manager due to in-depth academic background as well as sufficient experience (Ciocirlan and Pettersson 2012). After the implementation of diversity management at the workplace people of different age group are getting opportunities for being associated within the business organization. The level of skill and competency has become the matter of major concern for business experts rather than their seniority level. On the other hand, Garnero, Kampelmann and Rycx (2014) stated that business organizations initially have spread their wings in the regional market. Therefore, diversity management was not necessary to be implemented at this specific time. The human resource managers intended to recruit those employees who belong to regional places. After the business expansion the organizational experts had to change their internal strategies and policies for gaining international fame and recognition. For an example, Woolworth has started their journey in the market of Australia. At that particular time human resource managers of Woolworths had only recruited regional employees. As per the current business scenario, Woolworths has already expanded their entire process of business by launching their products and services in multinational countries. While prevailing their business beyond going the regional market, Woolworths had to recruit people of different cultural attitudes and religious backgroun ds (Harvey and Allard 2015). In order to run a business process skill and competency is highly important for surviving at the workplace. Therefore, the human resource managers have focused to prioritise on the skills and efficiency of the employees rather than their cultural attitudes. Hendricks and Cope (2013) stated that in order to make an effective business promotion about products and services most of the business organizations should stay away from any kind of products as well as services. Target customers can be considered as one of the most effective factors due to which organization can achieve the peak of success. Customers are from different cultural backgrounds (Hughes and Stephens 2012). Therefore, customers tend to show their interest in purchasing products and services only when the organization would be able to service diversified products. Therefore, employees at the workplace need to maintain diversity based on which the organization can produce diversified products and services. For an example, The Iconic is one of the most recognizable retail organizations especially famous fashionable clothes. The product designers are very much skilful to design diversified products that can be accepted by the customers of various cultural and psychological ba ckgrounds (Klarsfeld et al. 2014). Therefore, workplace diversity is one of the most effective reasons due to which The Iconic is flexible to provide different kinds of fashionable clothes to the customers from multinational countries. Legas and Sims (2012) stated that workplace diversity is not possessed with some of its major drawbacks as well. The employees while interacting with the people of different cultural attitudes and backgrounds face numerous obstacles such as communication barrier, psychological barrier, and cultural as well as religious barrier and so on. Language is one of the most significant issue due to which employees fail to make a proper interaction with each other. Due to the linguistic barrier employee especially in the customer service department fails to exchange necessary information. Ultimately, the existing staffs fail to maintain a balance between product supply and demand (Munjuri and Maina 2013). However, language barrier is very much important in deciding the level of performance of the employees. On the other hand, psychological barrier is another major factor that hinders a business organization to maintain their service effectively. Due to the psychological barriers business manag ers are unable to make appropriate business strategy by maintaining participative leadership style at the workplace. As a result, the business experts have to face innumerable barriers to draw the attention of customers (Okoro and Washington 2012). Therefore, psychological barriers can play a significant role for maintaining the entire business process. From those specific perspectives, diversity in workplace becomes a major hindrance for running the business in international market. Podsiadlowski et al. (2013) has firmly opposed the point of view of previous scholars. As per the opinion of this specific author it has been observed that the mission of implementing diversity management at the workplace is vast and wide. Implementation of diversity at the workplace is the only way with the help of which the business experts can make market strategy and policy in a collective way. On the other hand, human resource managers become flexible to focus on skill and competency level of the employee rather than showing their attitudes towards religious as well as cultural biasness. What are the workforce diversity challenges and opportunities confronting new managers in the 21st century? In order to expand the entire business in the international market the business managers have to face innumerable challenges for being accustomed with the diversity cultures at the workplace. The challenges are as follows: Effective communication is highly important for providing effective service to the customers. Due to the lack of communication the customers have to wait for a long time for receiving a proper service. Therefore, communication is highly important for maintaining a business process systematically. It has been observed that business experts while dealing with the persons of several backgrounds and attitudes have to face communication problem (Rice 2015). As a result, the managers fail to share appropriate business strategy and policy at the workplace. Employees belong to different geographical backgrounds. Therefore, linguistic barrier is the matter of major obstacle to communicate with the employees properly. In order to overcome this kind of major communication issues, the managers of popular business organizations have decided to provide an effective training and development session to enhance the skill of communication. Training and development session helps the employees to overco me their linguistic barriers. Challenges in psychology and cultures: Psychological and cultural barrier has become one of the major factors due to which business managers face obstacle to run business organizations in the international market. For an example, The Iconic being an organization of fashionable clothes fails to draw the attention of those people who belong to orthodox backgrounds. On the other hand, while making the business decision regarding the product designs and market strategy the managers have collected different opinions from various employees (Saxena 2014). As a result, the business managers had to face major problems to take a proper decision. In order to overcome this kind of situation, company likes to apply some major strategies and policies to satisfy needs and demands of every single employee equally. The business managers generally decide to arrange a group discussion session where employees from several departments have to be present there. Every individual employee has the equal right to share opinion (Thomas 2012). Therefore, the session of group discussion employees of various departments get priority and response in sharing their views regarding business goal. Therefore, business managers get the scope to make a collective decision regarding business strategy and policy. In this kind of situation, employees do not show their level of dissatisfaction as they have been treated with equal respect and dignity. Religious barriers are the most effective problem due to which business mnagers fail to maintain an effective international organizational balance. With the dynamic progress of civilization, the customers expectations and behaviours are also changing with time. Therefore, business organizations have to render unique features in their products and services. It has been observed that due to the religious barriers organizations fail to render variety in their products and services. Wood et al. (2016) opined that employees belong to different religious backgrounds believe on different psychologies and attitudes. Therefore, employees may become a major hindrance in rendering the diversity in products. In order to overcome this kind of religious issues, the business organizations have decided to implement some major strategies and policies (Thomas 2012). The business experts have decided to provide an effective training to the employees for enhancing their knowledge and skills. With the help of this particular training and development process, the employees tend to evaluate their minds. As a result, organizations automatically, focus to render diversified products and service to grab the attention of customers from various geographical corners. Without focusing on product diversity, the business organizations can never expand their entire business process in the global market Challenges in business decision making: Business decision making is highly important to implement appropriate strategy and policy. In order to reach the peak of business success most of the business managers intend to implement an effective market strategy so that products can be promoted in various geographical areas. The role of employees in making an effective and appropriate decision for a business organization is highly important. In most of the cases, it has been observed that business experts fail to take proper decision due to the psychological barriers happening among the employees (Thomas 2012). People at the workplace like to express their various opinions before implementing a particular market strategy. In this kind of situation, business managers have to face difficulties to take an appropriate decision. In order to overcome this kind of challenges, most of the business managers like to follow autocratic form of leadership style. In this particular form of leadership style, employees get least opportunities t o share their own opinion. As a result, business managers like to impose their own decision on the employees. As a result, people do not have the scope to express their point of views. However, Barak (2016) stated that autocratic form of leadership style de-motivates the employees towards providing good services for meeting the business target. Therefore, most of the prestigious business organizations intend to follow democratic leadership style to encourage the employees towards reaching business goal. Conclusion: The entire study has focused to deal on how diversity within the organization is highly important for rendering the success of an organization in the domain of global market. At the very initial stage, business organization did not focus on maintaining workplace diversity. Belong to the 21st century most of the business organizations have preferred to implement diversity management at their workplace for being flexible in international market. Therefore, in the late centuries business organizations such as Woolworths, the Iconic have decided to follow workplace diversity to draw the attention of global customers. The study has critically analysed whether diversity at workplace is beneficial for the business organization or not. Various challenges faced by the new managers in implementing workforce diversity have been discussed in this particular study. Reference List: Barak, M.E.M., 2016.Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Ciocirlan, C. and Pettersson, C., 2012. Does workforce diversity matter in the fight against climate change? An analysis of Fortune 500 companies.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,19(1), pp.47-62. Garnero, A., Kampelmann, S. and Rycx, F., 2014. The heterogeneous effects of workforce diversity on productivity, wages, and profits.Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society,53(3), pp.430-477. Harvey, C.P. and Allard, M., 2015.Understanding and managing diversity. Pearson. Hendricks, J.M. and Cope, V.C., 2013. Generational diversity: what nurse managers need to know.Journal of advanced nursing,69(3), pp.717-725. Hughes, C. and Stephens, D., 2012. Leveraging workforce diversity through a career development paradigm shift.Handbook of research on workforce diversity in a global society: Technologies and concepts, pp.262-272. Klarsfeld, A., Booysen, L.A., Ng, E., Roper, I. and Tatli, A. eds., 2014.9.78 E+ 12: Country Perspectives on Diversity and Equal Treatment. Edward Elgar Publishing. Legas, M. and Sims, C.H., 2012. Leveraging generational diversity in todays workplace.Online Journal for Workforce Education and Development,5(3), p.1. Munjuri, M.G. and Maina, R.M., 2013. Workforce Diversity Management and Employee Performance in the banking sector in Kenya.DBA Africa Management Review,3(1). Okoro, E.A. and Washington, M.C., 2012. Workforce diversity and organizational communication: Analysis of human capital performance and productivity.Journal of Diversity Management (Online),7(1), p.57. Podsiadlowski, A., Grschke, D., Kogler, M., Springer, C. and Van Der Zee, K., 2013. Managing a culturally diverse workforce: Diversity perspectives in organizations.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,37(2), pp.159-175. Rice, M.F., 2015.Diversity and public administration. ME Sharpe. Saxena, A., 2014. Workforce diversity: a key to improve productivity.Procedia Economics and Finance,11, pp.76-85. Thomas, K.M. ed., 2012.Diversity resistance in organizations. Psychology Press. Trenerry, B., Franklin, H. and Paradies, Y., 2012. Preventing race-based discrimination and supporting cultural diversity in the workplace: an evidence review: full report. Wood, J.M., Zeffane, R.M., Fromholtz, M., Wiesner, R., Morrison, R., Factor, A., McKeown, T., Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J.G. and Osborn, R.N., 2016.Organisational behaviour: Core concepts and applications. John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd.

Scottish Independence free essay sample

Scotland is at a turning point. On 18th September 2014 a referendum will be held asking voters a simple yes/no question: â€Å"Should Scotland be an independent country? † It has become more apparent that Scotland does not benefit from being part of the union with England, Wales and Northern Ireland and as a consequence of this many people agree that Scotland would be better off as an independent country. Some say the union is no longer fit for purpose and it is holding Scotland back. But many people oppose these views saying Scotland needs the rest of the UK and the economic and social factors of independence would be too great to deal with. Independence for Scotland means that we will have the right to make our own decisions about the future of our own country rather than those decisions being made by politicians in London. In this essay, I will present a fair conclusion by weighing up the arguments for and against Scottish Independence. We will write a custom essay sample on Scottish Independence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The relationship between Scotland and its larger neighbour have always been difficult, especially during the â€Å"wars of independence† led my William Wallace and then by Robert the Bruce. After many cross-border disputes, including when Scotland was defeated by the English in 1513 at Flodden, the Scottish and English crowns we united in 1603 when King James IV of Scotland became monarch of the British Isles. The 1800s saw Scotland’s economy booming but proposals to give Scotland some form of â€Å"home-rule† was continually unsuccessful until 1999 when a Scottish parliament was re-established. The First Minister of Scotland, Alex Salmond, and the SNP unexpectedly won an historic grand slam forming the first majority government in the Scottish parliament despite the Scottish system being set up to prevent a party gaining a majority and the only majority government in the whole UK enabling Mr Salmond to demand an independence referendum. Moreover independence would enable Scotland to become more successful. One of the main reasons more and more people are supporting Scottish Independence is the great economic benefits it would have. The similarities between Scotland and Norway for example; both having relatively similar populations and large oil, gas and renewable energy resources; show how different Scotland would be if it had control over its own economy. Both countries discovered oil in the North Sea at the same time but couldn’t have spent the money they made in more contrast. The British government under Margret Thatcher used the money they made from oil and gas to close down the coal and shipbuilding industries in the 1970s and 1980s which caused widespread poverty and unemployment in Scotland and Northern England while the Norwegian government used the profits they made from the North Sea more wisely to fund a pension fun with ? 300 billion. While independent countries were able to spend their profits from oil and gas on beneficial strategies such as creating one of the best pension schemes in the world, the British government spent Scotland’s profits on funding unemployment. With this worrying knowledge it’s difficult to see why anyone would want to support the union. I would like to take a different angle from it now. In addition, I strongly believe that Britain is arguably structured on extremely undemocratic principles. Why hasn’t the union worked? How is it at all democratic for the UK to have an unequal proportional electoral system in place where nearly 400 seats in parliament are taken up by England and Scotland with 59? Doesn’t seem fair. A good illustration of this is in the House of Lords where there are 26 seats taken up by bishops just because they are members of the church of England nevertheless the Scottish parliament uses a much more democratic system which doesn’t reserve places for members and appoints members using a proportional electoral system. Becoming independent would therefore arguably be a step for democracy and for the health and recovery of its economy. The majority of laws which are put in place in Scotland are decided and passed in Westminster by English politicians who will not be affected by these laws and are intended primarily for England without much consideration for Scotland. At present Scotland has a government that runs lots of Scottish affairs but has one hand tied behind its back with ones not in their control – such as taxation and fiscal policies. Although Scotland already has control over its own parliament and legal system, it still has no control over its own defence and security. My favourite news recently is that nuclear warheads were transported through Glasgow even though MSPs condemned strongly against this and without informing the local authorities. The MoD recently carried out a mock-emergency exercise which took them five hours to complete the task and if something bad had happened with just one of those warheads Glasgow would be uninhabitable for years and years. All of the UK’s nuclear weapons are kept in Scotland even though most people in Scotland are against them; polls show 70% of Scots want it gone yet the UK government force it on Scotland and it is not up for debate. Independence would see the nuclear weapons gone and therefore the country as a whole would be safer. On the topic of safety, the Scottish government intends to keep Sterling as Scotland’s currency – although the SNP were originally in favour of the Euro but with the Eurozone problems it now proposes safer implications to keep the pound. It is becoming increasingly A lot of these â€Å"questions sceptics† are asking of the yes campaign ahead of their vote but why aren’t they asking the same questions of the government in power just now? I suggest that this is because people are selfish, they don’t want changes to happen when they don’t know exactly what it will be like. Tell that to the children living in poverty in your own country. If things stay as they are just now, by 2020 100,000 children will be living in poverty in Scotland – 4 times the population of the Western Isles. Contrary to this and despite the evidence in to show that independence would be beneficial to Scotland there are those who are still unconvinced. Many people consider unity as strength; together with the UK, Scotland is part of a rich, powerful and influential state and therefore believe that becoming independent would arguably significantly decrease Scotland’s influence and global presence. Equally a large number of people regard independence as a huge economic gamble. There has been speculation over how Scotland will survive if we no longer have access to the British â€Å"money pot† especially during the tough times of recession and rising unemployment.

Review of Pans Travail essays

Review of Pan's Travail essays J. Donald Hughes, Pans Travail, (Baltimore, 1994), 277 pp. Oddly enough, there is little biographical information available on J. Donald Hughes. His special interest in the Mediterranean and sacred groves is evidenced by the numerous books and articles he has published on the subject. He is multilingual, fluent in German, Greek, and Spanish with basic skills in French and Russian as well. He received his doctorate in History from Boston University and then taught at several different colleges. He is currently a History professor at the University of Denver, and the author of eight other books and articles about environmental history. The first four chapters (out of eleven total) are dedicated to providing the reader with background information. Hughes gives an overview of environmental history and ecology as a whole, preparing the reader to narrow the focus of these concepts to a single area: the Mediterranean Basin. He also describes this region and discusses why it is such a unique ecosystem. Not only are climate, land, and sea addressed, but a charming section on the different winds of each section of the region is also included. Pre-history is touched upon, and Hughes examines Egyptian and Mesopotamian societies and their relationships with nature. By showing how each city dealt differently with the flooding of their respective rivers, Hughes illustrates two opposing views towards nature. Literary evidence shows how Greek and Roman religion viewed the world as a sacred place. This contrasts with the view eventually offered by such philosophers as Aristotle which placed nature in hierarchical order, with plants exist[ing] for the sake of animals, animals for the sake of man, and...inferior men [as] natural slaves of the superior (60). These four chapters effectively give the reader enough information about the basis of Greek and Roman society to understand the following arguments regarding the...

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 40

Case Study Example It provides job rotation which overcomes the boredom of overspecialized work. It increases the responsibility, recognition and opportunity of the employees for achievement of their goals or objectives. The employers are able to retain the productive employees by offering flexible working conditions. The employers are able to attract the skilled and talented workers by providing flexible working hours and alternative working arrangement. The employees generally prefer to work with those organizations that provide perks and benefits to the organization. Google is considered as the best company to work for. It facilitates the employees to set their own daily work schedules. It promotes job sharing where more than one employee performs the job. Therefore the flexibility acts as an important element in motivating and retaining talented work force in the organization. Therefore it is beneficial for both the employers and the employees working in the organization (Lincoln and Kalleberg 40-45). Apart from the benefits of the alternative work arrangement, there are various negative consequences, the negative outcomes for the employers are training the employees, monitoring their work progress on a frequent or timely basis, performance evaluation etc. The training time is increased; it lowers the personnel utilization levels, the chance of error will be more. The financial cost also increases due to the changes in the job environment. The alternative work arrangement will encourage the baby boomers to stay in the organization which will restrict the entrance of new talented individual in the company. The flexibility and the benefit provided by the organization will prevent the baby boomers from leaving the organization. Therefore the productivity and the performance of the organization may be negatively affected. The negative outcome

The Dani, Papua New Guinea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Dani, Papua New Guinea - Essay Example The irrigated land is provided freely for use by any member without prior payments or negotiations. Land ownership by an individual is rare since its vested in kins’ and only allocated in times of need. An individual may own the plantation but not the land. The heirs’ give the landowners gifts and offerings before using the land. Failure to do so will result in dispossession of the property by the landowners (Zimmer & Amakoshi, 2007). Based on Zimmer & Amakoshi (2007) horticulture is routine by cultivation of sweet potatoes in large fields of valley bounded by ditches. Plantation is carried out year round where every family possess a portion of the harvest. The ditches assist in drainage of water during wet seasons and deliverance of spring water during dry spells. Additionally, they also serve as mulching basins. The ditches further prevent unwanted pigs form the farms. Other staple foods include starchy vegetables like yams, rice, wild sago, taro and breadfruit; supplemented by bananas, wild greens, mangos and coconuts. Hunting is also practiced which provides meat from fowl, pigs, marsupials, cassowaries and turtles. Each household practice pig keeping. The pigs are only slaughtered and consumed during special occasions (Zimmer & Amakoshi, 2007). The community holds plenty of ceremonies and hence each Dani member receives pork every week. Domestication of pigs is highly significant that specific medical practices are carried out in order to assist them grow. The male pigs are castrated so as to control breeding and increase their sizes. Every Dani member participates in food production. However, the members cultivate their farms using manual labor whereby they incorporate inferior methods and technologies. Sweet potatoes are planted as monocrops in the irrigated fields whereby the soils are dug using sharp poles. Their harvest is enormous whereby it supports a population-density of more than 400/square mile (Zimmer & Amakoshi, 2007). The

Evaluating the Research Process Essay Example for Free

Evaluating the Research Process Essay Literature Review The following paper will address the research process using the article Assessing Pregnancy Intention and Associated Risks in Pregnant Adolescents. The research process consists of nine parts that include; selecting a problem, formulating a hypothesis, reviewing the literature, listing the measures, describing the subjects, constructing a design, constructing and identifying measurement devices, analysis of the data, and generating conclusions (Neutens Rubinson, 2010). The literature review shows that adolescent pregnancy is a multifaceted problem. Adolescent pregnancy has risk factors that must be taken into account. Ethics Some of these risk factors would be the ethical considerations. The Nuremberg Code which was established in 1947 tried to provide regulations. These regulations were to prevent any more atrocities in human research (Neutens Rubinson, 2010). One of the ethical considerations would be informed consent. Informed consent came about after the Nuremberg Code. Informed consent is about telling the subject about the details of the research, any risks or benefits that could come about (Neutens Rubinson, 2010) Ethical considerations must be taken into consideration when performing tests on human subjects. If anything is not disclosed in the informed consent, it would leave the researchers vulnerable to a lawsuit as well as invalidating the research study. In the article, Assessing Pregnancy Intention and Associated Risks in Pregnant Adolescents, informed consent was followed. â€Å"Informed consent was obtained from the participant and if the participant was younger than 18 years old, conse nt was obtained from her guardian with assent of the minor (participant)† (Phipps Nunes, 2012). The researchers found the subjects during their first prenatal care appointment to the â€Å"Women and Infants Hospital Women’s Primary Care Center, Providence, RI between March 2002 and February 2005† (Phipps Nunes,  2012). Steps were taken to ensure that the participants would be considered adolescents even after their babies were born and that they would understand what was expected of them. The research study was conducted by using research assistants that interviewed the participants. They were questioned about their â€Å"demographic characteristics, life plans, social supports, peer and family relationships, financial support, behavioral risks, and medical history† (Phipps Nunes, 2012). In example, research surveys â€Å"included validated questions where available and where not available content-relevant questions were assessed for face validity. The surveys underwent a process of review and revision that included both clinical experts and age-relevant volunteers† (). In the survey, subjects were asked about pregnancy planning, so that the assistants could assess the subjects’ level of agreement with statements. The statements were coded to assess for risk factors. The state ments ranged from trying to getting pregnant and best age to get pregnant as well as overall feelings about pregnancy (Phipps Nunes, 2012). Statistical Analysis All of the information that was gathered by the research assistants from the participants is used in the statistical analysis to determine the significance level. â€Å"The significance level of a statistical hypothesis test is a fixed probability of wrongly rejecting the null hypothesis, if it is in fact true. The significance level is typically set at five percent† (The Statistics Glossary, n.d.). So anything higher than five percent would be considered statistically insignificant. The researchers â€Å"did observe significant associations between our pregnancy intention metrics and known risk factors for poor outcomes† (Phipps Nunes, 2012). There were two dimensions of pregnancy intention that the researchers assessed. The two significant dimensions were emotional readiness and planning. Emotional readiness was more â€Å"strongly associated with risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Pregnant teens identified as not emotionally ready were at increased risk for delayed prenatal care, inadequate prenatal care utilization, delayed use of prenatal vitamins, recent smoking, recent drinking, recent drug use and depression† (Phipps Nunes, 2012). The findings in the research study article is statistically significant. The study showed that emotional readiness and planning are critical for having a  healthy pregnancy. Before this study came out, researchers thought that being emotionally ready was not nearly as important to pregnancy as proper health care. However, if one is not emotionally ready it can affect getting proper health care. Research Conclusions The conclusion to this study determined that emotional readiness and planning are the main risk factors for adolescent pregnancy that has adverse outcome. This study tests the thought that emotional readiness and planning are the two most important factors against family type as the most important risk factor. If the study was looking into preventing adolescent pregnancy, then family type is the most important risk factor. Emotional readiness and planning are important so that one will have a healthy pregnancy. The results to this study are appropriate. There is enough information to determine that the article was indeed effective. The statistics provided in this study were quantitative in nature. The data was collected in an ethical manner. This can be determined by the appropriate exclusion criteria. The article further indicates that previous research was conducted on the topic adolescent pregnancy. This research enabled the creation of a scoring method to identify adolescents tha t are at risk for pregnancy. The results to this study are very appropriate and there is enough information to determine that the article was indeed effective. The statistics provided in this study were clearly listed and defined. The data was ethically collected and appropriate exclusion criteria were indicated to avoid producing biased results. The article further indicates that previous research was conducted on the topic of adolescent pregnancy. This research enabled the creation of a scoring method to identify those at risk of adolescent pregnancy. The article, Assessing pregnancy intention and associated risks in pregnant adolescents, looks into risk factors for adolescents becoming pregnant and having a health pregnancy. The article uses the research process to come to the conclusions that family type, emotional readiness and planning are all important. Family type is statistically important because it states that an adolescent is more at risk for pregnancy if they come from a less than ideal home. Emotional readiness and planning is statistically important because they can affect pregnancy outcome. These conclusions are the same con clusions that the researchers came to in their article. References Neutens, J. J., Rubinson, L. (2010). Research techniques for the health sciences (4th Ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Phipps, M. G., Nunes, A. P. (2012). Assessing pregnancy intention and associated risks in pregnant adolescents. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(9), 1820-7. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0928-0 The Statistics Glossary. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/glossary/